1 00:00:16,110 --> 00:00:09,870 it holds it all started with this 2 00:00:21,750 --> 00:00:16,120 microbe that was found on the border of 3 00:00:25,380 --> 00:00:21,760 a dry lake bed in a spring and you see 4 00:00:28,680 --> 00:00:25,390 their little dots inside that microbes 5 00:00:31,350 --> 00:00:28,690 are sulfur granules and it turned out 6 00:00:34,889 --> 00:00:31,360 that this microbe is a sulphur oxidizer 7 00:00:40,140 --> 00:00:34,899 and that was quite interesting because 8 00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:40,150 it lived in a spring on the side of a 9 00:00:48,750 --> 00:00:46,210 dry lake bed and that Lake is a wet in 10 00:00:53,850 --> 00:00:48,760 the spring after winter when you have 11 00:00:56,310 --> 00:00:53,860 ice falling and lots of snow melting in 12 00:00:58,290 --> 00:00:56,320 the spring you have some water in the 13 00:01:01,620 --> 00:00:58,300 lake but on the side of the leg you have 14 00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:01,630 two springs that are mythos to meet the 15 00:01:08,580 --> 00:01:05,290 thermal so room temperature like our 16 00:01:11,310 --> 00:01:08,590 swimming pool temperature and you have 17 00:01:16,320 --> 00:01:11,320 those microbes living there they are 18 00:01:20,420 --> 00:01:16,330 white they also free oxidizers they are 19 00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:20,430 a photic so they do not need sunlight to 20 00:01:27,180 --> 00:01:23,650 survive and actually they do not like 21 00:01:30,030 --> 00:01:27,190 oxygen that much they can tolerate it in 22 00:01:34,170 --> 00:01:30,040 small concentrations but they would 23 00:01:36,899 --> 00:01:34,180 rather be in areas with small 24 00:01:38,190 --> 00:01:36,909 concentration of dissolved oxygen and 25 00:01:42,179 --> 00:01:38,200 the thing that's very interesting is 26 00:01:44,340 --> 00:01:42,189 that this is an open-air area the 27 00:01:46,370 --> 00:01:44,350 sunlight going there so that's why it 28 00:01:48,920 --> 00:01:46,380 was interesting to see those microbes 29 00:01:51,630 --> 00:01:48,930 there and where they actually come from 30 00:01:56,490 --> 00:01:51,640 where we actually find them more often 31 00:01:59,999 --> 00:01:56,500 is in caves on the ground in little 32 00:02:08,940 --> 00:02:00,009 forts or just water flowing on the 33 00:02:12,869 --> 00:02:08,950 grounds and yeah here the geologic 34 00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:12,879 setting of the area it's in Oregon and 35 00:02:19,440 --> 00:02:15,610 it's a volcanic area you have volcanoes 36 00:02:28,640 --> 00:02:22,500 but it's still a volcanic region there 37 00:02:32,759 --> 00:02:28,650 is that huge Valley with lots of lakes 38 00:02:36,290 --> 00:02:32,769 and the water is running off from those 39 00:02:41,930 --> 00:02:36,300 Springs from those hydrothermal Springs 40 00:02:47,220 --> 00:02:41,940 towards the center of the valley and and 41 00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:47,230 this is where I took samples so this is 42 00:02:53,009 --> 00:02:50,530 what the the dry lake bed look like you 43 00:02:57,330 --> 00:02:53,019 have vegetation on the side of the lake 44 00:03:02,180 --> 00:02:57,340 bed you have the springs on the side and 45 00:03:05,670 --> 00:03:02,190 you have two Springs next to each other 46 00:03:09,270 --> 00:03:05,680 this one is the spring where we found 47 00:03:12,900 --> 00:03:09,280 the microbe and this one we did not find 48 00:03:15,449 --> 00:03:12,910 any microbes but that spring goes on the 49 00:03:17,160 --> 00:03:15,459 ground most of the time so it doesn't 50 00:03:20,100 --> 00:03:17,170 mean that the microbes are not day I 51 00:03:23,069 --> 00:03:20,110 just we don't see them and so the point 52 00:03:25,410 --> 00:03:23,079 was to take some pores take the core 53 00:03:27,660 --> 00:03:25,420 samples so like you could see here it's 54 00:03:32,210 --> 00:03:27,670 about a metre tall but when you actually 55 00:03:35,580 --> 00:03:32,220 get the sample it's half a meter long 56 00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:35,590 and so we took samples along the flow 57 00:03:42,599 --> 00:03:39,370 path of that spring and along the one 58 00:03:49,319 --> 00:03:42,609 that is just a few hundred meters away 59 00:03:55,020 --> 00:03:49,329 from each other we looked at the sulfur 60 00:03:58,770 --> 00:03:55,030 compounds in those samples to look and 61 00:04:02,190 --> 00:03:58,780 we look at the isotopic values as well 62 00:04:04,020 --> 00:04:02,200 of those samples and the point is to 63 00:04:06,089 --> 00:04:04,030 find if there is something interesting 64 00:04:08,460 --> 00:04:06,099 happening at the location where those 65 00:04:11,640 --> 00:04:08,470 microbes actually thriving even though 66 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:11,650 it's not their optimal living condition 67 00:04:15,780 --> 00:04:13,690 living area they're still there and they 68 00:04:17,069 --> 00:04:15,790 are still very happy to be there and so 69 00:04:23,040 --> 00:04:17,079 we wanted to know if there was something 70 00:04:25,140 --> 00:04:23,050 interesting about that area and the 71 00:04:27,719 --> 00:04:25,150 short message is it is interesting the 72 00:04:31,110 --> 00:04:27,729 problem is that all of those areas are 73 00:04:33,090 --> 00:04:31,120 all different from each others so even 74 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:33,100 along one spring it 75 00:04:39,930 --> 00:04:36,010 point of the flow path is different and 76 00:04:43,380 --> 00:04:39,940 so here like take a deep breath but we 77 00:04:45,390 --> 00:04:43,390 have circular concentrations and so 78 00:04:48,650 --> 00:04:45,400 that's such a concentration this one is 79 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:48,660 exactly the same but in a different view 80 00:04:55,500 --> 00:04:51,370 here the surfer concentrations are based 81 00:04:58,650 --> 00:04:55,510 on the amount of sample I had so it's 82 00:05:02,280 --> 00:04:58,660 the true concentration here it's a 83 00:05:05,910 --> 00:05:02,290 conscious concentration relative only to 84 00:05:07,890 --> 00:05:05,920 the sulphur compound so one hundred 85 00:05:10,380 --> 00:05:07,900 percent is a hundred percent of sulfur 86 00:05:15,330 --> 00:05:10,390 so overall if you take all those points 87 00:05:17,820 --> 00:05:15,340 and you add them at one depth you would 88 00:05:20,090 --> 00:05:17,830 get a hundred percent it just is the sum 89 00:05:22,790 --> 00:05:20,100 one hundred percent is the sum of 90 00:05:26,280 --> 00:05:22,800 sulfide element of surfer and sulfates 91 00:05:27,960 --> 00:05:26,290 and it's just a different view to see if 92 00:05:33,090 --> 00:05:27,970 we could see something because most of 93 00:05:36,090 --> 00:05:33,100 the data we got is just all those degree 94 00:05:40,170 --> 00:05:36,100 line going everywhere and it's kind of 95 00:05:44,180 --> 00:05:40,180 hard to see anything happening then we 96 00:05:45,990 --> 00:05:44,190 had we looked at the sulfur isotopes 97 00:05:48,530 --> 00:05:46,000 just to see if there was something 98 00:05:52,380 --> 00:05:48,540 interesting usually you have 99 00:05:55,740 --> 00:05:52,390 fractionation so having the microbes 100 00:05:58,110 --> 00:05:55,750 preferring light isotopes usually you 101 00:06:01,190 --> 00:05:58,120 have that phosphate reduction and you 102 00:06:05,220 --> 00:06:01,200 don't see that much for surfer oxidation 103 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:05,230 so we are looking if there is surveyed 104 00:06:10,380 --> 00:06:08,890 reduction or anything we did assume they 105 00:06:13,710 --> 00:06:10,390 would be sulphate and they would be 106 00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:13,720 surveyed reduction but actually there 107 00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:17,410 was really really not a lot of sulfate 108 00:06:22,500 --> 00:06:19,840 in any of the samples and so if you look 109 00:06:26,130 --> 00:06:22,510 to add the true concentrations so here 110 00:06:28,380 --> 00:06:26,140 you have so the spring that doesn't have 111 00:06:33,030 --> 00:06:28,390 a lot that doesn't have the microbes and 112 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:33,040 here is the spring another the second 113 00:06:42,060 --> 00:06:38,410 area and then the dry lake bed those 114 00:06:45,930 --> 00:06:42,070 concentrations are very low compared to 115 00:06:47,040 --> 00:06:45,940 my ring settings I mean marine settings 116 00:06:50,659 --> 00:06:47,050 are 117 00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:50,669 sometimes persons or at least per meal 118 00:06:57,749 --> 00:06:54,250 not ppm so there is a hundred or a 119 00:07:02,010 --> 00:06:57,759 thousand difference in order of 120 00:07:05,070 --> 00:07:02,020 magnitude so that was actually 121 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:05,080 interesting that the dry lake bed so on 122 00:07:11,390 --> 00:07:07,330 the photo where you see me take the 123 00:07:16,469 --> 00:07:11,400 sample and it's all very very light 124 00:07:19,409 --> 00:07:16,479 colored and very bright there was 125 00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:19,419 absolutely nothing I mean it's just very 126 00:07:23,640 --> 00:07:21,250 and so that's kind of a little bit 127 00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:23,650 depressing because it's actually where 128 00:07:30,390 --> 00:07:26,650 you would that would be the end zone for 129 00:07:35,459 --> 00:07:30,400 preservation potential and it actually 130 00:07:37,290 --> 00:07:35,469 doesn't preserve anything much which 131 00:07:40,230 --> 00:07:37,300 shows that you know if you go on Mars 132 00:07:42,839 --> 00:07:40,240 and if you did have a cave of some place 133 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:42,849 on the side of maybe that that big belly 134 00:07:48,300 --> 00:07:45,610 on Mars and that you'd have some seep 135 00:07:50,100 --> 00:07:48,310 coming and bringing with it those 136 00:07:51,809 --> 00:07:50,110 microbes that live on the ground in that 137 00:07:55,110 --> 00:07:51,819 cave in that lava tube whatever you want 138 00:07:57,959 --> 00:07:55,120 and bring them there you know your Rover 139 00:08:02,189 --> 00:07:57,969 really has to be at the right spot to 140 00:08:05,839 --> 00:08:02,199 see I mean at least those microbes and 141 00:08:10,050 --> 00:08:05,849 so because a few hundred meters away 142 00:08:13,860 --> 00:08:10,060 might be you might miss it and not 143 00:08:19,339 --> 00:08:13,870 release it this this one here is the one 144 00:08:22,110 --> 00:08:19,349 way we actually see the microbes and as 145 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:22,120 it's just everything is a little bit is 146 00:08:29,010 --> 00:08:24,250 different here we have another sulfate 147 00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:29,020 that we don't have much here it's going 148 00:08:37,350 --> 00:08:34,050 to take a lot more thinking about why 149 00:08:39,750 --> 00:08:37,360 this is and what exactly is going on 150 00:08:44,340 --> 00:08:39,760 everywhere but it's actually very 151 00:08:48,139 --> 00:08:44,350 interesting just when I Gosar I mean 152 00:08:52,650 --> 00:08:48,149 fresh results to see that all those 153 00:08:54,590 --> 00:08:52,660 isotopic profiles and even the 154 00:09:00,800 --> 00:08:54,600 concentration profiles are all different 155 00:09:09,600 --> 00:09:03,650 one thing that is interesting is the 156 00:09:14,490 --> 00:09:09,610 width of the isotopic range it's not 157 00:09:18,660 --> 00:09:14,500 that big like in for Marion settings but 158 00:09:20,490 --> 00:09:18,670 it's still pretty pretty wide and there 159 00:09:24,270 --> 00:09:20,500 is definitely something different 160 00:09:26,730 --> 00:09:24,280 between the spring that actually has the 161 00:09:30,600 --> 00:09:26,740 microbes and the other one that's next 162 00:09:34,560 --> 00:09:30,610 to it this one is much broader whereas 163 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:34,570 yeah this one has a narrower range of 164 00:09:49,590 --> 00:09:44,170 values so we have to do some statistics 165 00:09:57,420 --> 00:09:49,600 on that one thing here is actually the 166 00:10:03,870 --> 00:09:57,430 fractionation pattern not that 167 00:10:05,700 --> 00:10:03,880 interesting right now I'll have to you 168 00:10:08,580 --> 00:10:05,710 know I'd have to study that a lot more 169 00:10:10,800 --> 00:10:08,590 but something that is actually visible 170 00:10:14,790 --> 00:10:10,810 is that there is here we do see a 171 00:10:18,120 --> 00:10:14,800 pattern with the fractionation of the 172 00:10:20,280 --> 00:10:18,130 self so it's sulfate compared to a 173 00:10:22,470 --> 00:10:20,290 sulfide or element or sulfur compared to 174 00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:22,480 certified and so that would be looking 175 00:10:26,220 --> 00:10:24,130 at the sulfate reduction whereas this 176 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:26,230 one would look at the sulfur oxidation 177 00:10:35,310 --> 00:10:29,850 and so there is definitely a pattern 178 00:10:37,610 --> 00:10:35,320 having all that it is fractionated the 179 00:10:40,230 --> 00:10:37,620 fractionation is kind of different 180 00:10:44,910 --> 00:10:40,240 between the two there's something I 181 00:10:49,980 --> 00:10:44,920 forgot to mention here on them on the 182 00:10:52,380 --> 00:10:49,990 big profiles is that I change the color 183 00:10:57,660 --> 00:10:52,390 here of some of the data points to show 184 00:11:04,200 --> 00:10:57,670 which of the species of the surface 185 00:11:07,980 --> 00:11:04,210 species is dominating the the actual 186 00:11:11,070 --> 00:11:07,990 isotopic value so here as I said those 187 00:11:13,290 --> 00:11:11,080 ones are not the raw data about the 188 00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:13,300 survivor to observe certify stops 189 00:11:18,110 --> 00:11:15,610 something like that so here it's 190 00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:18,120 actually the the concentration 191 00:11:24,470 --> 00:11:20,800 multiplied by D isotopic value and that 192 00:11:28,110 --> 00:11:24,480 gives you a whole average for that depth 193 00:11:30,810 --> 00:11:28,120 and and so you can see that at some 194 00:11:34,230 --> 00:11:30,820 depth you have the elemental sulfur that 195 00:11:37,280 --> 00:11:34,240 is actually dominating the the isotopic 196 00:11:41,569 --> 00:11:37,290 value and so and here on the first cake 197 00:11:44,009 --> 00:11:41,579 you have sulfate dominating the whole 198 00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:44,019 isotopic value but most of the time it's 199 00:11:50,340 --> 00:11:48,190 the disulfides but always to keep in 200 00:11:52,620 --> 00:11:50,350 mind it's always small concentrations 201 00:12:00,180 --> 00:11:52,630 never something in the order of 202 00:12:07,650 --> 00:12:00,190 magnitude of the ocean so that's what 203 00:12:09,960 --> 00:12:07,660 I'm going to present today thank you 204 00:12:24,639 --> 00:12:09,970 very much do we have any questions for 205 00:12:29,749 --> 00:12:27,199 so I was wondering you said that there's 206 00:12:31,369 --> 00:12:29,759 some that grow like out in the open he's 207 00:12:34,609 --> 00:12:31,379 opposed to sunlight and air and then 208 00:12:37,280 --> 00:12:34,619 some that grow in the cave and they're 209 00:12:39,590 --> 00:12:37,290 probably the same genus has anybody done 210 00:12:41,900 --> 00:12:39,600 any like species or subspecies genomic 211 00:12:44,329 --> 00:12:41,910 information on them to see what the 212 00:12:46,819 --> 00:12:44,339 differences might actually be and why 213 00:12:48,710 --> 00:12:46,829 some of them will grow in the presence 214 00:12:53,269 --> 00:12:48,720 of sunlight and on the lake beds but 215 00:12:58,069 --> 00:12:53,279 then others stay in the cave so they 216 00:13:00,049 --> 00:12:58,079 have cultured the one in the cave those 217 00:13:01,759 --> 00:13:00,059 ones we haven't tried to curse them at 218 00:13:04,429 --> 00:13:01,769 all we haven't even looked at anything 219 00:13:07,369 --> 00:13:04,439 we just you know looked at the some of 220 00:13:15,829 --> 00:13:07,379 the DNA and matched to see whether would 221 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:15,839 the closest relative to why I'm I think 222 00:13:20,179 --> 00:13:18,569 it's just a tolerance thing if you've 223 00:13:25,280 --> 00:13:20,189 got enough food and you don't care about 224 00:13:28,100 --> 00:13:25,290 the sunlight you can be there I mean 225 00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:28,110 they can do it very well and the one 226 00:13:35,629 --> 00:13:30,480 thing is there's a lot of grass in the 227 00:13:38,329 --> 00:13:35,639 summer so for at least for the oxygen 228 00:13:41,329 --> 00:13:38,339 it's possible that the decomposition of 229 00:13:43,669 --> 00:13:41,339 that grass even during the summer or in 230 00:13:46,369 --> 00:13:43,679 the winter will decrease the amount of 231 00:13:51,559 --> 00:13:46,379 oxygen in the water and will at least 232 00:13:59,239 --> 00:13:51,569 make them in in a zone that is almost an 233 00:14:00,499 --> 00:13:59,249 anoxic anyone else if not we are now